Historic California Posts, Camps,
Stations and Airfields
Fort Cronkhite: Battery Townsley
History
by Justin Ruhge
As early as 1929, estimates had been prepared for 16-inch guns
on Wolf Ridge, and in 1935 the district engineer at San Francisco,
Lieutenant Colonel H. A. Finch, had begun working on plans for
a battery of 16-inch guns there, for the day when it would become
a military reservation. By the end of 1937, these plans had been
revised several times and brought to completion, the engineers
having been able to incorporate several things already learned
in the ongoing construction of Battery Davis at Fort Funston.
Here at Cronkhite the gun casemates and the firing platforms
would be built as one continuous operation. The two would not
be monolithic in nature because gun-firing impacts were instantaneous,
where machinery vibrations were continuous. The engineers wanted
to "shock-insulate" the casemate-firing platform combinations
from the remainder of the magazine structure by an inset of 4
inches of creosoted lumber in key locations between the casemates
and the magazine. Another modification called for placing the
radio station in the same structure as the plotting/ switchboard
rooms rather than in a building by itself, as at Battery Davis
which was planned under the old principle of dispersion. Also,
as a result of tests at Battery Strong, Fort Rosecrans, San Diego,
the engineers no longer wanted a sunken gallery at the entrance
of the plotting/ switchboard rooms. Such a gallery served to
trap gas around the air lock door.
While a geological report stated that
tunneling would be feasible providing it was done in the summer,
the engineers decided it would be costly and hazardous. When
in March 1938 excavations of the firing platform blocks began,
the engineers found that most of the rock was badly shattered
chert. This convinced them that cut-and-cover was desirable for
the magazine traverse. The excavated material, although rock,
was approved for backfill, since there was not a problem with
spalling rock at a casemated work.
Although it is sometimes said that Battery
Townsley did not have a burster course as part of its cover,
a completion report showed such a course over the casemates and
the traverse, as well as over the plotting/ switchboard/ radio
structure.
Colonel Dorst made some last minute changes
in the plans. He noted that the approved layout had the power
plant lying along a fault. He proposed moving it forward of the
fault line and to place the plant alongside the main corridor
to provide adequate air for cooling the radiators. This same
arrangement had been made at Battery Davis. Because this battery
had less storage space than Davis, Dorst wrote that "the
otherwise wasted angle between the powerhouse and magazine No.
2 has been formed as a storehouse by the extension of the rear
wall of magazine No. 2." Mindful of the complaints caused
by the location of the Battery Davis latrine, the engineers had
Battery Townsley's latrines incorporated with the main work.
It will be recalled that the Battery Davis
reserve ammunition was stored in the Central Reserve Magazine,
built by the Golden Gate Bridge Authority, at Fort Winfield Scott.
Because of its isolated location, Battery Townsley had its own
reserve magazine. This large five-room structure was located
behind a hill some 700 yards to the east. The center room was
to contain 200 shells piled four feet high, and each of the other
four rooms held 150 powder cans. After World War II when the
battle allowance of ammunition for Townsley had been reduced,
this magazine became a Central Reserve Magazine for all the Batteries
north of the Golden Gate.
Like Battery Davis, Battery Townsley was
officially named before it was completed. In a secret letter
dated December 31, 1937, the adjutant general wrote that the
battery would be named in honor of Major General Clarence P.
Townsley, another artilleryman. At one time, Townsley had been
superintendent at West Point and later, the Commanding Officer
on Corregidor in Manila Bay. In World War I he was one of the
first American officers to arrive in France, where he later commanded
the 30th Infantry Division. Townsley died in 1926.
The Battery was located on Wolf Ridge
at 346 feet elevation. 350 feet separated the two Naval guns.
Cost for construction was $595,000. Gun 88 was moved to emplacement
1 in July 1939. The long trip of this gun across the nation from
the east coast Naval Gun Factory began in April 1938 when Admiral
William D. Leahy notified the Secretary of War that early action
would be taken to transfer two 16-inch 50-caliber Naval guns
to the War Department for use at Tennessee Point. In the fall
of that year, the Army also prepared to transport one of the
two carriages from Watertown Arsenal, Massachusetts, on board
the Ludington, the Army ship that had earlier carried Battery
Davis guns to San Francisco. The Quartermaster General was informed
that the carriage weighed over one million pounds and occupied
17,632 cubic feet of space.
When the Commanding General of the San
Francisco Port of Embarkation learned that the Ludington was
transporting a carriage, he recalled the problems that were experienced
when that ship brought out the two 16-inch guns for Fort Funston
in 1937. He now urged that the guns for Townsley be shipped all
the way to Sausalito by rail, since the Southern Pacific Railroad
had the necessary equipment. The General's recommendation was
acceptable to the War Department, and in May 1939 the Quartermaster
Department announced that the guns would go by rail in two shipments
on a government-owned gun car. It is not known when the other
carriage was shipped.
Battery Townsley and its reserve magazine
were both transferred to the artillery in July 1940 before Battery
Davis. On July 1, 1940 the first 16-inch round ever fired from
the Pacific Coast of the Continental United States was fired
by Battery Townsley.
Battery Townsley remained important after
World War II when Radar fire control increased the accuracy of
the guns. However, with the development of nuclear weapons and
guided missiles, even this great gun battery was rendered obsolete
in 1948.
Since 2012, the National Park Service
has been restoring the battery as a museum. The battery is currentky
opened to the bublic on a limited basis.
Report of
Completed Works - Seacoast Fortifications.
Two Views of the
Construction of Gun Block No. 1 for Battery Townsley April 2,
1937. Army Presidio Museum Archives, Golden Gate National Recreation
Area, San Francisco.
Gun No. 88 being
moved into Tunnel No. 1, Battery Townsley, July 27,1939. Presidio
Army Museum Archives, Golden Gate National Recreation Area, San
Francisco
Gun No. 88 Being
Moved to Gun Block No. 1, July 27,1939. Presidio Army Museum
Archives, Golden Gate National Recreation Area, San Francisco
Construction of the
Battery Commander Station on Wolf Ridge. Presidio Army Museum
Archives, Golden Gate National Recreation Area, San Francisco
Inspecting the breech of
one of the two Battery Townsley 16-inch Rifles, 1941. Harbor
Defense of San Francisco Photo Album, 5P, Signal Corps, Donated
by Lieutenant Colonel John Schonner. Park Archive Collection,
Golden Gate National Recreation Area, San Francisco
Loading a 2,200-pound,
16-inch Armor Piercing Projectile into the breech. Presidio Army
Museum Archives, Golden Gate National Recreation Area, San Francisco.
Ramming Round and
640 Pounds of Powder into the Breech. Army Presidio Museum Archives,
Golden Gate National Recreation Area,
1940: Note 2-inch
thick steel shield around the face of the gun. Presidio Army
Museum Archive, Golden Gate National Recreation Area, San Francisco.
Battery Townsley
1940: Note the soldier standing in front of the gun for size
comparison. Army Presidio Museum Archive, Golden Gate National
Recreation Area, San Francisco.
Test firing of Battery
Townsley in 1940. Presidio Army Museum Archive, Golden Gate National
Recreation Area, San Francisco.