California State Military Department
The California State Military Museum
Preserving California's Military Heritage
Historic California Posts:
Camp at Marl Springs
 
Located six miles northeast of Kelso, San Bernardino County, the post at Marl Springs in the Mojave Desert was first garrisoned by the Army as an outpost by troops from Camps Cady and Rock Spring on October 5. 1867 and was occupied continuously until May 22. 1868, at which time it was abandoned permanently. The number of troops stationed there was usually minuscule. The site apparently was never given official status by the Army except as an informal outpost of Camp Cady. Marl Springs, however, continued to be an important station on the travel route across the Mojave Desert also serving as the site for several trading posts. Many deserted structures and ruins now occupy the site. Crumbling rock walls mark the site of the old Army post that was erected by John Drum and his troops in 1867.
 
History
by Colonel Herbert M. Hart, USMC (retired)
Executive Director, Council on America's Military Past
 
It may have been the last of the desert redoubts to be established, but Camp Marl Springs' history indicates it was one of the most important. Location had a lot to do with the importance. It was about halfway between Camp Cady and the Colorado River. And, more so, it was flanked on the east by a 12-mile valley that had a 1,400 foot elevation change, a torturous trail of loose gravel and sand repeatedly crisscrossed by dry washes. To the west, it was even worse. Devil's Playground was the nickname pinned on a 17-mile stretch of drifting sand that had neither tracks to follow nor water to drink.

Especially for the eastbound traveler, Marl Springs was a welcome sight. In 1852, John Brown later the ferry owner at Fort Mojave, found the springs a life saver. When his party had become exhausted in the blowing sand dunes of the playground,' Brown had struck out ahead for Marl Springs. The peaks of the Old Dad Mountains showed him the way out of the windswept bowl, then he marked his desperate route between the bare, rocky wastes of the Kelso Marl Mountains, on his right, and rolling lava hills on his left.
 
He dropped into Marl Springs without ceremony and filled his belly. After the life had returned to his joints and veins, and a keg had been filled with water, he returned to the wagon train. His keg provided enough refreshment to get the travelers and their stock to Marl Springs and a new life. A couple of dozen Piutes met Brown at the spring both times, but "they behaved well."
 
Marl Springs was not one of the original Carleton redoubts across the desert. The intention was that roving patrols between Rock Springs and Hancock Redoubt (at Soda Lake) would keep the area clear of roving Indians.
 
The springs were an important water source on the road. The Whipple Survey party of 1854 spent a night at the site on March 7, reporting "excellent grass . . . scant wood . . windy . . . cold." They found the springs "small, not half enough water for the mules, but it constantly flowed and after a while there was enough to satisfy the mules." The flow was so regular that they were able to refill their kegs and also have enough for the camp's use.
 
The water that drew the traveler also drew the opposition. Fifteen or 20 Piutes were reported harassing wagon trains on the western half of the road in 1863."It is said that they killed one of the mules belonging to a citizen at Marl Springs," the Fort Mojave commander wrote to headquarters.
A year later, rumors of Indian depredations again were heard. The Mojave commander received a letter from a civil officer "stating that four horses and a bullock had been killed and eaten by Indians at Marl Springs." But this was a false alarm; two days later the official reported that the stock had been found, neither killed nor eaten.
 
With traffic on the road increasing, the Army put token protection at Marl Springs in order to provide some type of cover from attack. The tiny post sat at the foot of a spur of the granite Marl Mountains. Commanded on two sides by high had to sacrifice defensibility in order to command the spring. The facts of desert life were bluntly a matter of defending from a poor spot that had water instead of a good but dry location that could prove a trap.
 
In 1867, the post was surrounded by hostile Indians. During a 24-hour siege, the station had a full test of its position. There were only three men there but they came out with their scalps intact. In the true spirit of the romanticized West, just at dawn a rescue column of soldiers cut through the besieging circle of Indians to save the post.
 
TO GET THERE: Marl Springs shows on the Kelso 1:62,500 Quadrangle. The private road passing through Rainbow Wells is usable; pick it up east of Baker from U.S. 91. Two and a half miles south of Rainbow Wells, take right set of tracks toward Marl Mountains. Site of camp is at foot, next to spring. A U.S. Geological Survey marker is about 25 yards from spring. Do not attempt to proceed to other fort sites west or east directly from here; traces of the Government road have been eroded and the way is impassable.
 
 
Two dugouts of this type probably served as living quarters, a use suggested by holes and primitive chimney for smoke escape. Dugouts probably were caves hollowed out of hillside next to corral, and roofs have collapsed since use. A fireplace was inside, as suggested by soot-blackened hole and smoke traces. Pile of rocks surrounds ceiling hole and served as chimney.
 
 
 
Marl Springs is in immediate foreground in this view looking east toward Providence Mountains. In center foreground, rectangular watering trough at spring can be seen between posts. Corral is to immediate left with corral building most obvious. In immediate left foreground, side walls of possible headquarters building can be seen against side of slope. Dugouts were in row to right, obscured by brush. Government Road across valley to east goes 12 miles before reaching foot of mountains. Valley is 300 feel below level of Marl Springs. From low point in valley to pass leading to Rock Springs; road increases in elevation 1,200 feet in eight miles. Al though it is only 18 miles from Marl to Rock Springs by Government Road, six miles of it in this valley have eroded away and direct route is impassable.
 
 
 B  Barracks
HQ  Headquarters
 ST  Stable
 
 
Marl Springs' military post might have looked like this; at least this is how ground remains look today. This patte is based on a studied guess of traces present in 1964 which may have come from old Army site, or from later use. Corral apparently was square area surrounded by rock wall with rock building against southwest corner. Two "barracks," a guess as to use, are suggested by dugouts in hill side while "headquarters" is at location of outlines of stone building. (Drawn from 1964 site inspection.)
This page was reprinted with permission from Old Forts of the Far West, published in 1965
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