California State Military Department
The California State Military Museum
Preserving California's Military Heritage
California and the Civil War
California's Confederate Militia:
The Los Angeles Mounted Rifles
by Gene C. Armistead
Albert Sidney Johnston

The arrival of Albert Sidney Johnston in Richmond, Virginia, in mid-September 1861, created considerable excitement. His arrival had been eagerly anticipated by his friend, Confederate President Jefferson Davis, who quickly appointed him General and assigned him to command the Confederate forces in "the West." The story of his long journey from California, across the desert South west to Texas, and then on to Richmond, has become almost legendary. Most accounts of his journey mention that there were others with him - generally referred to as "Johnston's escort." Though, in effect, these others did "escort" Johnston to the Confederacy, they were more than that. Their organization had preceded Johnston's resignation from the U. S. Army by over two months. They were members of a bona fide company of California Militia - the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles. As the only Free State militia unit that "went Confederate," their story is unique in itself.
It could have happened only in California. In many respects, California could have been considered, though slavery was prohibited there, as a "Border State". Its American (or "Anglo") population was largely new to the State and hailed from both the North and the South. The "native" (as then termed) population of Mexicans had been citizens of the United States only since 1848 - a bare 13 years - and had not yet had time to develop any particular loyalty to the government of the United States. California was far from the government in Washington, and the nation's main centers of population. News from the East was slow to reach the State and government services few. Additionally, there were divisions within the State. In 1860, the legislature had passed a bill, signed by the Governor and approved by a vote of its citizens, to divide the State. What is now termed Southern California would have become the State of Colorado. With division of the nation anticipated, the Congress never acted upon the request.

On the eve of the Civil War, Los Angeles was a city of between 3,500 and 4,000 inhabitants. Its people were a mixture of Mexicans, Indians, Americans (both Southern and Northern in origin) and German Jews. There were only a few Chinese (mostly engaged in laundering) and Blacks. The houses were all one-story, built of adobe (sun-baked bricks) with thick walls and flat roofs. There were very few two-story buildings - basically just the hotels with their associated first-floor saloons. Though a long-established center of population, Los Angeles was still a rough, frontier town. Most men habitually were armed with both revolver and Bowie knife. Even the clergy advised that it was "best to have arms after dark". There were in those days fifty to sixty murders per year. It could not be expected that such a population under such circumstances would not involve themselves in the major crisis of the day.
Even before any states had seceded, in both the North and the South, militia units were "activating" and volunteer companies being formed. In some states the militia was well-organized and functional, but in most the militia was little more than a social group or "paper" organization. In California, the militia was a sham. During the 1850's companies had been formed for one purpose or another but quickly died out. The Adjutant General had kept little track or record of them. With the crisis growing in the East, Governor John G. Downey issued a call for the formation of militia companies "to preserve order". Few of the companies formed in response to his call ever amounted to anything, but one that did was the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles.

In mid-February 1861, after the secession of several Southern States, a petition was presented to Los Angeles County Judge Dryden to "open a book" to enroll a volunteer militia company. The petition was signed by seven prominent Angelenos. Joseph Lancaster Brent was a wealthy attorney and former state legislator. Attorney Meyers J. Newmark was scion of a leading Jewish mercantile family. George Washington Gift was a civil engineer noted for a book on California's complex land laws and had also represented the county in the state legislature. Jose Antonio Sanchez was a baker and a leader of the city's large Mexican community. German-born Joseph Huber was a vinter. Alonzo Ridley was an undersheriff of the county. The other signers were A. J. Henderson and Francisco Martinez. Maryland-born Judge Dryden rapidly approved the petition and, on February 25th, Gift announced the opening of the enrollment book.
Enrollments proceded rapidly and with, according to best accounts, some 80-85 already enrolled, an organizational meeting for the new militia company was held at the Los Angeles County Courthouse at 7:00 PM on March 17th, 1861. Gift acted as chairman of the meeting and Joseph Huber, Jr., acted as secretary. The name "Los Angeles Mounted Rifles" was selected and officers for the company elected. Alonzo Ridley was elected Captain of the company. Northern-born, he had arrived in California some ten years prior and had been a trader among the Indians and then sub-agent to the Tule River band before being named Undersheriff for the northern portion of the county. Joseph W. Cattick was elected First Lieutenant. Los Angeles County Sheriff Tomas A. Sanchez and Samuel Ayres were elected 2nd Lieutenants. The four Sergeants were Tennessee-born policeman Robert A. Hester, California-born farmer Pedro Antonio Abila, Kentucky-born Jailer Francis M. Chapman, and New York-born housepainter Jospeh N. Chandler. Francisco Martinez, Lyman A. Smith, Rafael L. Bauchet, and Jospeh Huber, Jr., were elected as the Corporals.

There were 64 Privates listed on the initial (and only extant) muster roll. (Refer to Appendix for copy of this Muster Roll.) Among them were two attorneys (Brent and Newmark; civil engineer Gift; two ranch owmers (Carlisle and Rains - both sons-in-law of Isaac Williams who held several large ranchos through his marriage into a noted Californio family); laborers; miners; farmers; a wagonmaster for the U. S. Quartermaster Depot; a saddlemaker, a cabinetmaker, clerks; and a master plasterer. The most prevelent occupation was law enforcement. The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Office must have been a-real "hot bed" of pro-Southern sentiment. In addition to Sheriff Sanchez, Undersheriff Ridley, Jailer Chapman, and policeman Hester as officers and noncoms, there were at least two constables among the privates. (Another undersheriff, A. J. King, though not a member of the Rifles, was involved in pro-Confederate agitation in El Monte.)

Ages ranged from the early twenties to the late thirties. Most were from Los Angeles and its immediate area, though there were a couple from El Monte, one from Santa Ana Township (now Orange County), a goodly number from the Tejon area in the northern part of the county, and ultimately one from San Diego County. The ethnic composition of the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles was a true reflection of the community. "Sanchez" was the most common surname and fully 10% of those on the Muster Roll had Spanish surnames and had been born in Mexico (presumably California when it was part of Mexico). The "Anglo" component included men of both Southern and Northern origin as well as German Jews and Irish immigrants. Ultimately, there would also be one Black man affiliated with the company.
Military experience of the members was fairly limited. Sheriff and 2nd Lieutenant Sanchez was a man noted for bravery and had been a lancer in the Californio unit of the Mexican Army that had defeated General Kearney at the Battle of San Pasqual. Private Gift had been a Midshipman in the U. S. Navy during the Mexican War. Private Carman Frazee had served in Jefferson Davis' 1st Mississippi Rifles in that same war. A few others had probably also seen some service - on one side or the other - in the Mexican War. All were, of course familiar with firearms and riding. No doubt, like all so many who went off to war in 1861, this familiarity and the hardships of frontier or rural life and an ardent patriotism were considered sufficient qualification.
From its inception, the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles had. been known to be pro-Southern. Indeed, organizer Gift and Captain Ridley both in later years acknowledged that the unit's purpose was to serve the Confederacy. Initially, perhaps, there had been some hope - even a real chance - that their service would be in a seceded, or at least neutral, California. They were a definite worry to Union authorities. In April, Brigadier General Edwin V. Sumner, commander of U. S. forces in the State, wrote the War Department about conditions in California. Of Los Angeles he wrote that, "There is more danger of disaffection at this place than any other in the State. There are a number of influential men there who are decided Secessionists, and if we should have any difficulty it will commence there." Though there were many who wished to cause difficulty in California by raising rebellion, clearer heads prevailed. Sheriff Sanchez on one occassion warned off a rowdy group from El Monte who planned to disrupt a Union meeting in Los Angeles. Lawyer Brent counseled that though there might be some initial success against the government, that U. S. control of the seas and distance would prevent any lasting success and that those who would like to really do some good for the Confederacy should make their way east and join its armies there. The Rifles did not immediately head east for Texas and the Confederacy though. such a journey would require detailed planning and preparation - and the Company would first have to be armed.
Captain Ridley was vigorous in his efforts to obtain from the State the weaponry needed by the Company. On March 9th, only two days after organization, he wrote California Adjutant General William C. Kibbe requisitioning 80 rifles, 80 Colt six-shooting pistols, and 80 sabers. He suggested to Kibbe that 40 of the needed rifles could be found at the Los Angeles warehouse of Banning and Hinchman consigned for a San Bernardino County militia company. Ridley stated that since that organization was defunct, those rifles should be diverted to his unit "... where they would be put to good use." He also asked for 80 sabers previously earmarked for the inactive City Guard and for 60 sabers issued to Captain Juan Sepulveda's Lanceros de Los Angeles. Apparently, he had copied Governor John G. Downey (a Los Angeles resident), for on April 3rd he wrote the Governor a letter of thanks, stating that Banning and Hinchman had honored the Governor's order to deliver the rifles to him. At the same time, he again asked for the rifles and sabers of the Los Angeles City Guard. In truth, he already had some of these rifles. Eleven had been stored at the County Jail and Ridley requested reimbursement of $26.00 he had spent to have them repaired and put into serviceable condition. Another 25 percussion rifles, which had been issued for the Southern Rifles (a defunct Unionist unit) on deposit with Sheriff Sanchez, were likewise diverted for the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles. Unmentioned by Ridley, Sheriff Sanchez also had custody of a small cannon earmarked for a Santa Barbara County militia unit.

News of Fort Sumter and the beginning of the war on April 12th did not reach Los Angeles until April 24th. This news removed any hope that the Rifles would be able to serve the Confederacy in California. Means by which the Company might join with Confederate forces began to be explored. Former Navy man Gift preferred a sea route. Ridley believed that the better route would be across the deserts to Texas. This route had already been taken by individuals and small parties and would enable a larger portion of the Company to join the Confederacy - and to take off with them all their California State-owned weapons. On the other hand, planning for such a large group as the 80-plus Rifles would be difficult to conceal from nervous and watchful Union authorities.

Ridley himself made the majority of arrangements for a departure to Texas. He traveled hundreds of miles around Southern California and expended considerable personal funds in this effort. His plans would have gotten most of the Company to the Confederacy. Circumstances arose, however, which dictated a more rushed departure. There were in Los Angels several former officers of the U. S. Army who had resigned their commissions and were awaiting acceptance of their resignations before returning to their homes in the South. Then there was Albert Sidney Johnston, said by some to be "the finest soldier on the North American continent." He was a West Pointer, veteran of Indian Wars, the Texas War of Independence, the Mexican War, the "Morman War" in Utah, and most recently commander of the U. S. Army's Department of the Pacific. His intentions were cause for real concern on the part of the Union authorities. There were numerous rumors and great fears that Johnston would use.his position to force California and other far western areas out of the U. S. and onto the side of the Confederacy. High minded and true to that code of honor prevalent among officers of his day, Johnston neither had intended nor attempted any such thing. He did resign his commission but, until relieved by Sumner, loyally fulfilled the obligations of his office and even took actions to prevent others from aiding the Confederacy. Upon handing over his command, he moved with his family to Los Angeles where his brother-in-law, Dr. John Griffin, resided. His intention was probably to "sit out" events as a neutral. Union authorities however kept him under close observation and it was soon obvious that he would have to "head South" before Unionist fears and suspicions led to his arrest.

Ridley encountered Dr. Griffin one day upon the streets and offered him the services of the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles in helping Johnston reach the South. The next day, Ridley and Johnston met in the Doctor's office with the General accepting the offer. Under suspicion and constant watch, it was unsafe for Johnston to participate in plans or even in the necessary preparations for his own departure. This task was therefore delegated to Randolph Hughes. Hughes was Johnston's long-time friend, servant and bodyguard. He had been a slave but, wanting to accompany Johnston to the free state of California, had been freed in the later 1850's. It was "Ran", as Johnston called him, who assisted Ridley in the final preparations and collected those items that would be needed by Johnston and himself for the journey - an ambulance (a wagon with springs), a team of mules, and a Mexican pack mule.
The plan as originally conceived by Ridley, had been for the Rifles to leave for Texas on June 30th. The addition of Johnston to the party necessitated greater urgency. Departure was moved up to the 17th but word was circulated that it had been delayed to the 25th. It is doubtful that this ruse deceived Union authorities as to the actual departure date. At least the Captain in charge of the U. S. Quartermaster depot in Los Angeles - Winfield Scott Hancock - was not deceived. On the evening before the departure, he gave a farewell party for the resigned officers who would accompany the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles. Some years after the war, Mrs. Hancock described this as a very moving and heart-wrenching affair, particularly for her husband and his close friend, Captain (Brevet Major) Lewis Addison Armistead, who had only recently been commander of the army post at San Diego. (This party has been dramatized in the book Gods and Generals.) Mrs. Hancock did not name all of those attending - only herself and her husband, Armistead, and General and Mrs. Johnston. Most presumably the others were the resigned lieutenants -.who did make the journey with the Rifles. Most likely Hancock's two children put in an appearance as did Armistead's son who was in California visiting him at the time. It is somewhat incredible that Johnston would have attended for the Hancock residence was across the corner from the headquarters of Col. James H. Carlton who was commanding Union troops now stationed in Los Angeles (and later commanded as Brigadier General the "California Column"). Some accounts have placed future Confederate generals George Pickett and W. S. Garnett at the party but this is erroneous as they did not even pass through Los Angeles on their routes to the East from areas further north.

Having learned that Johnston and himself were to be arrested on charges of treason, Ridley had again advanced the date of departure. In the early morning of June 16th, he, Johnston, and Hughes left Los Angeles for the Chino Rancho about thirty miles east of Los Angeles. Himself a Private in the Rifles, ranch proprietor Robert S. Carlisle was ready and willing to assist in the effort. Here, Ridley left Johnston to go and inform others of the revised schedule and of plans to assemble at Warner's Ranch, an important stop along the Overland or Butterfield Stage Route. At Chino, Private Carman Frazee joined the General to act as his guide to Warner's. Carlisle posted his vaqueros along the route to keep watch for any Union troops and to warn of any possible pursuit. Private John Rains of the Rifles was the then owner of Warner's Ranch. He had instructed his ranch manager to slaughter cattle and prepare meat for the Company's journey. Most of the group that would make the journey had assembled there by June 26th. Captain Ridley offerred the command of the group to Johnston, as a Brigadier General outranked a Captain. Johnston declined saying that he was no longer a General and only a citizen who would serve under Ridley. The resigned lieutenants (Armistead had not yet joined the group) followed Johnston's lead in this matter becoming, in effect, privates of the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles. Even though Ridley and the others would during the journey often seek and defer to the counsel of Johnston, it was Captain Ridley who was in command and organized the line of march, set the watches, and the like.

Johnston wrote his wife that the party was of sufficient size and well-armed to have little fear of capture. They were indeed well-armed. In subsequent months and years, there would be many recriminations among General Andres Pico (Brigade commander of the California militia in Southern California), California Adjutant General Kibbe, and. U.S. General Carlton over and about the arms "carried off to Texas and the Confederacy" by the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles. Even Governor Downey would be "dunned" for the bond which had been posted for arms issued to the Rifles (the bond never showed up). The small cannon had been left behind in Los Angeles in the custody of Sanchez and was quickly repossed by Union authorities. Doubtlessly, the ambulances with the party were necessary to carry the arms and extra munitions.

From Warner's, the route would continue to be the Overland Stage Route. The danger points would be at Yuma where there was a fort garrisoned by U. S. troops, in the Tucson area where there were two additional U. S. Army posts nearby, and at the Rio Grande where Fort Fillmore was strongly garrisoned. All along the route there would also be the ever present threat of attack by hostile Indians. The march would be through some of the hottest and driest regions of the continent where, during the summer, the temperature could reach 120 degrees. There would be very little shade and what few breezes there might be only forced the heat and dryness into the body. The path led over drifting sands and rocky wastelands. Water sources were limited and often unreliable. The monotony of the trail, accompanied by their own trail dust, would add greatly to their fatigue. Though most of the marches would be by night, there would be little real relief from either the heat or the dryness.
Captain Ridley led the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles east from Warner's Ranch on the 27th. It took them three days to reach Vallecitos about 35 miles southeast. Here Lewis Armistead and his son joined up and made the party that would cross the deserts complete. There were now a total of 36 in the party. Of the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles there were 26 - Captain Ridley, Sergeants Abila and Chandler, and Privates William R. Bower, William Campbell, William H. Cheapline, James D. Darden, John J. Dillard, Carman Frazee, George W. Gift, Cyrus K. Holman, Dillon Jordan, Hugh May, Dave McKenzie, Thomas Morran, L. Parden, Calvin Poer, William N. Robinson, William M. Skinner, Thomas Smith, Thomas Stone house, and Frank Varnell. Of these, about half had not been on the unit's Muster Roll back in March, indicating that recruiting had continued after organization of the Rifles. McKenzie was considered to be the best shot of the entire group after only Ridley himself.

Albert Sidney Johnston and Lewis A. Armistead were the most prominent of the resigned officers who had joined the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles for the trip. The others were ex-Lieutenants R. H. Brewer of the 1st Dragoons; Aaron B. Hardcastle of the 6th Infantry; Nathaniel Wickliffe of the 9th Infantry; and Francis Mallory, E. B. Dudley Riley, and Arthur Shaaf of the 4th Infantry. Affiliated with them were Johnston's servant, Randolph Hughes, and teen-aged Walker Keith Armistead.
The Rifles left Vallecitos on the night of the 30th traveling 18 miles to Carrizo. The night's journey was highlighted by views of Thatcher's Comet flaring through the sky. Exhausted, they slept most of the next day. Then at 3:00 p.m. they set out for Indian Wells which was 37 long miles away across the Imperial Desert. The route angled south curving beneath the Salton Sink (now the Salton Sea) and the sand hills. In a letter to his wife, Johnston described their stay at Indian Wells:

"Here the water, if clear, is good; but the well had to be cleaned out, and it was, for us, muddy and unpalatable. At this place the flies - house flies - swarm in myriads. It was not possible to throw a veil over your face quick enough to exclude them. The scrubby mesquite afforded but little shelter from the burning heat."

Gift later wrote of a "drying, withering breeze" at this place that made him feel "as one confined in a burning apartment". From here it was 28 miles to Alamo Mocha and then 30 more to Cook's Spring (both located in Mexico) and then northwardly to Yuma, California (At that time, Yuma was within the boundaries of California. Fort Yuma itself still lies within the confines of California.)

As they cautiously approached Yuma, they heard the National Salute being fired (it was the 4th of July) by the guns of the fort. The temperature there that day was 104 degrees. They camped within sight of the fort for the next three days to rest and to repair their ambulances and shoe their horses. How was it that the Los Angels Mounted Rifles could camp for so long a period within sight of a stronger garrison of U.S. troops? Especially since orders had been issued to capture Johnston and any with him? For one thing, they had found out that all of the officers at Fort Yuma were sick. This is not surprising as Fort Yuma had, since its founding in 1850, been described as the worst post in the U.S. Army due to both heat and pestilence. It was perhaps also that the officers were exercising some discretion to save their command - they may have had more to fear from the Rifles than vice versa. Gift, in later years, related that during their first night there, their first sentinel, Lewis Armistead, had been approached by a sergeant and some men from the fort with the proposal that a goodly number of the garrison would be willing to desert, join with the Rifles, and then seize and plunder the fort leaving it a smoking ruin. Apparently most of the Rifles were all in favor of this course of action. Johnston, when his counsel was sought, however dissuaded them saying that such would be akin to piracy since the Company was not yet mustered into Confederate service and that none of them as yet held Confederate commissions. And so, California lost its sole chance to have an actual Civil War battle site.
 
Southern cartoonist Adalbert J. Volck's 1861 "Albert Sidney Johnston Crossing the Desert" is the only period depiction of the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles. Though not particularrly accurate, it did much to romanticize the epic desert crossing.
 
Leaving Yuma on July 7th, the Rifles proceeded up the valley of the Gila River, across to the Pima villages just south of present-day Phoenix, and then up the Santa Cruz valley to Picacho Pass and on down to Tucson which they reached on July 18th. This portion of their journey was pretty uneventful. The citizens of Tucson made the Rifles quite welcome. Tucsonians had their own grievances against the U. S. government. It had become a part of the United States by the Gadsden Purchase of 1853, yet it was not until 1857 that the government had stationed troops in the area leaving it exposed to depredations of hostile Apache Indians. In March of 1861, citizens of Tucson had held a convention "seceding" as the Arizona Territory. Recently, Federal troops had abandoned Fort Breckinridge northward of the town and enroute to Fort Buchanan had burned the town's only grist mill. About 30 vengeful Tucsonians suggested that they would combine with the Rifles to chase and punish the Federal troops. Johnston again counseled against such an action with the same argument he had used at Yuma. Fortunately, his advice was again followed. Sixty Rifles and Tucsonians would not have had much chance against the two companies of infantry and the two companies of dragoons the U. S. had in the general area. After three days recuperation in Tucson, the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles left on the final, third stage of their journey to the Confederacy. They were here joined by three citizens of Tucson - George Byerson, William A. Elam, and Richard Simpson - the final "enlistees" in the Rifles.

This next stage of the journey would be the most dangerous phase. Cochise was on the warpath, Fort Buchanan's commander had orders to intercept them, and Fort Fillmore lay at the terminus. At 8:00 a.m. on July 22nd, they left Tucson with Dragoon Springs, where the trail to Fort Buchanan intersected, as their goal. It was essential that they reach this point ahead of Union troops evacuating the fort lest they be cut off. This made for two days of particularly hard marching - 30 miles the first day and then 40 miles more the second day. They had to camp without water on both occassions. Then, on the 24th, it was 15 miles to Dragoon Springs. Here they observed a smoke column to the south that indicated Fort Buchanan had been burned and abandoned with Federal troops on the march. They had beaten an advance scout of U. S. dragoons by only 36 hours. Their arrival here was later described by Hardcastle: "After our seventy miles' ride without water, when we reached the wells entirely spent and dry, we found them foul and noxious with dead rats." The Rifles cleaned the wells as best they could and assuaged their thirst.

After only a brief rest, they pushed on to Apache Pass some 40 miles east. Here they found encamped a party of Texas Unionist headed for California - who were ready to dispute the right to use of the water. Tired, thirsty and in a bad mood, the Rifles would not be forestalled. As Gift later wrote, "We had the force and our necessities were great. We took the water." Some of the Rifles proposed that the Company remain here and surprise the evacuating Federal forces in the pass, who - cut off from water - would be forced to surrender. Again, with his usual argument, Johnston persuaded them otherwise.
They resumed their march just before noon on July 25th. Over the next two days during their 105-mile march to Cook's Spring, they encountered the burned wrecks of two stagecoaches and the bodies of fourteen who had been killed by the Apache. The Rifles, however, met no hostiles themselves. From Cook's Spring it was but another 60 miles to the Rio Grande
 
Late on the afternoon of the 27th, the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles reached the Rio Grande near the village of Picacho, just seven miles north of Mesilla. Knowing that Fort Fillmore was well-garrisoned and only eight miles south of Mesilla, they approached Picacho with caution and stopped two miles short of the river. They captured a local Mexican who told them that the brush was full of Texans and that all of the Fort Fillmore troops had been captured. They did not believe him and after explaining that they were the advance party for Major Lord's U.S. command, let him go with a caution to tell nobody of their arrival. The Mexican went straight to the Texans and told them. About 11:00 p.m., the Rifles moved on into the village and encamped. They told the villagers the same cover story as being the advance of Major Lord's command. They again heard that Fort Fillmore had been captured. Still disbelieving, they put out sentinels to guard the camp.
Shortly later, Hardcastle and Poer brought in a prisoner called "el Gato Pelado" ("the Skinned Panther" in English). This man had sneaked in to spy upon the camp and on his way out had been tempted to steal Hardcastle's horse only to encounter the shotgun of Cal Poer. "El Gato Pelado" was a Cuban and a member of Captain Coopwood's Spy Company of Col. John Robert Baylor's command of Texans. Enrique D'Hamel (his real name) advised that indeed Fort Fillmore had been captured. Ridley knew Bethel Coopwood who had been Assistant District Attorney in San Bernardino County. He had left California earlier in 1861 and in early July enlisted the San Elizaro Spy Company (said to be composed of mostly Californians) in Texas for Baylor. Ridley instructed D'Hamel to inform Coopwood that Alonzo Ridley and a party of Californians had arrived. Soon thereafter, Coopwood arrived at the Camp and the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles knew that they had safely completed their march of 800 miles. The next day - July 28th, 1861 - the Rifles rode into Mesilla where they were warmly welcomed by John Robert Baylor and his Texas troops. Some of the Rifles began to immediately seek transportation to El Paso and from there to points east.
 
For 800 miles between Los Angeles and E; Paso, the Overlan Stage Route crossed some of the hottest, driest, and most rugged terrain in the Southwest. (Drawing by Author)
Only a few days later, on August 1st, Baylor was to proclaim the Confederate Territory of Arizona with himself as its Governor. Needing time to organize its civil affairs, he asked Johnston to take over his command (a battalion of the 2nd Texas Mounted Rifles). Johnston was anxious to go east but reluctantly acceded to Baylor's request. He told Ridley that he didn't like the delay "but that it was like being asked to dance by a lady - he could not refuse." Johnston laid plans to capture the U. S. troops from Fort Buchanan but, forewarned, Major Lord diverted them north to Fort Craig and they escaped. After a delay of two weeks, Johnston, Ridley, Hughes and the two Armisteads continued their journey. When they took stage at Mesilla for El Paso, the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles were completely disbanded as a unit. Its members thenceforth served the Confederacy in separate units on many battlefields from Texas to Virginia.
Albert Sidney Johnston of course reached Richmond where his friend Jefferson Davis made him the second-ranking General of the Confederate Army. While commanding all the Confederate forces from the Appalachians to the Mississippi River he was mortally wounded during the first day's action of the Battle of Shiloh. His faithful companion and friend, Randolph Hughes, remained with the Army serving other generals until the end of the war.
 
Lewis A. Armistead was commissioned Colonel of the 54th Virginia Infantry and soon after promoted to Brigadier General of a Virginia brigade. He died on July 3rd, 1863, of wounds received while leading his brigade during the assault of Pickett's Division at Gettysburg - the "high water mark of the Confederacy." His son Walker K. Armistead became a Sergeant in the 6th Virginia Cavalry and survived the war.
 
R. H. Brewer formed an early Alabama Cavalry battalion which was later merged with a Mississippi battalion to become the 8th Confederate Cavalry. In 1864, he was killed in action leading a cavalry brigade in the Valley of Virginia.
 
Aaron Hardcastle, first as Lt. Colonel and later as Colonel, led the 3rd Mississippi Infantry throughout the war.
 
Francis Mallory became the Colonel of the 55th Virginia Infantry and killed while leading it at Chancellorsville.

Dudley Riley became a major in the Ordnance Department,
 
Nathaniel Wickliffe the Lt. Colonel of the 5th Mississippi Cavalry.
 
Arthur Shaaf ended the war as Major commanding the 1st Battalion of Georgia Sharpshooters.

Many of the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles who had made the desert journey also be came officers. Captain Alonzo Ridley remained with Johnston as captain of his bodyguard through Shiloh. He then went to Texas and participated in the capture of the U.S.S. HARRIETT LANE in Galveston Harbor. A crack shot, he is said to have slain that ship's commander. Ridley then joined the 3rd Arizona Regiment of Texas Cavalry as a Major. He was captured June 28th, 1863, at Fort Butler, Donaldsville, Louisana, and spent the the remainder of the war as a prisoner of war. After the Civil War, he went to Mexico where he stayed until 1877. He then spent a brief period in Cuba before finally moving to Arizona. He visited friends in the Los Angeles area on a few occassions but never returned to California permanently. He died at Tempe, Arizona, on March 25th, 1909.

Private James Darden became a Captain and a staff officer to Brigadier General Lewis Armistead and later to Brigadier General George H. Steuart.
 
Private John J. Dillard rose to the rank of Major in the 35th Arkansas Infantry.
 
Private Cyrus Holman was Sergeant and later Major in the 27th Texas Cavalry.
 
Private Calvin Poer joined the 8th Texas Field Battery as its blacksmith only to desert in April of 1862.
 
Private William Campbell is believed to have served in the artillery of Baylor's command.
 
Private Hugh May perhaps also joined a Texas unit.
 
The fledgling San Diego lawyer, Private William D. Robinson, served throughout the war in a Texas unit. He returned to San Diego after the Civil War and, in 1867, was elected to the California State Assembly becoming one of the first ex-Confederates to be elected to a state legislature in a "northern" state. He died 1878 at Jamul near the Mexican border.
Two privates of the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles who made the desert crossing became officers of the Confederate Navy. George W. Gift has been called by the authors of Civil War Naval Chronology "a colorful, unrecognized man of the Confederate Navy, ... a daredevil mastermind." He was commissioned Acting Master in December 1861 and then Lieutenant in March 1862. He served on the New Orleans station, on the C.S.S. ARKANSAS, on the C.S.S. CHATTAHOOCHIE, commanded the blockade runner RANGER, participated in the capture of the U.S.S. UNDERWRITER, and completed the Civil War commanding first the C.S.S. CHATTAHOOCHIE and then the C.S.S. TALLAHASSEE. He returned to California in 1877 settling in the Napa Valley area where he edited newspapers.
 
Carman Frazee followed Gift into the Navy and in April 1864 was appointed by Gift as Master's Mate on the C.S.S. CHATTAHOOCHIE. At the war's end, he was paroled at Montgomery in his native Alabama.
Advancement of the departure date due to Johnston's joining the party, resulted in 20-30 of the Rifles who had intended to make the trip being left behind. Responsibilities to family and distance kept others behind. 2nd Lieutenant Tomas Sanchez continued as Sheriff of Los Angeles County. Continually under suspicion and watched closely by the Union authorities, he was nevertheless re-elected sheriff in 1863 and 1865. Afterwards he was a rancher but lost most of his fortune in the early 1880's. His home, Casa Adobe de San Rafael, was restored in 1939 and is now operated as a museum by the City of Glendale.
 
Private Jose Antonio Sanchez, a cousin of the Sheriff, is believed to the the same of that name who became Captain commanding from March through May 1864 of Company D, 1st Battalion of California Native Cavalry,
 
John Rains and Tom Carlisle, the two rancher-Privates did not long survive. After an arrest party of U. S. troops had visited his rancho in Cucamonga in 1862, Rains tried to avoid its vicinity. While driving his wagon between there and Los Angeles on November 17th, 1862, was stopped by bandits, brutally dragged some distance and then shot once in the chest and twice in the back. Manuel Cerradel who appeared to be his actual murderer was arrested. Sheriff Sanchez endeavored to escort Cerradel to San Quentin but an angry mob seized Cerradel and hanged him on the tug CRICKET in Wilmington harbor. Cerradel
had implicated a Jose Ramon Carrillo in the crime but he was soon released for a lack of evidence. Carrillo was himself soon after murdered. Bob Carlisle was greatly displeased over the investigation of the murder of his friend and brother-in-law John Rains and placed the blame on Undersheriff A. J. King. The dispute festered for some months and became known as the King-Carlisle feud. At a ball held in Los Angeles on July 5th, 1863, some partisans of Carlisle attacked King and stabbed him several times - he barely survived his wounds. The next day, King's brothers, Frank and Houston, saw Carlisle inside the saloon of the Bella Union hotel. They drew their pistols, entered the hotel and immediately began shooting at him. Carlisle drew a revolver and shot Frank King who died instantly. Houston King kept up the fight which passed to the sidewalk outside the hotel. Carlisle fell to the sidewalk riddled with bullets. Not yet seriously wounded, Houston King then hit Carlisle on the head, breaking his pistol. With his last efforts, Carlisle moved to the wall, raised his pistol with both hands, and with his last shot felled King. One bystander was wounded and several more had their clothing pierced with stray bullets. Houston King and Bob Carlisle both died the following day.
One of the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles later made his way separately to the Confederacy. This was Private Joseph Lancaster Brent. He made his escape by traveling down to San Diego and boarding the Panama steamer ORIZABA. On this ship, he and two fellow passangers - former U.S. Senator William Gwin and former U.S. Attorney Calhoun Benham - were arrested by Brigadier General E. V. Sumner while in Colombian waters. This incident could have involved the United States in a war with Colombia except for the trio's giving consent to the arrest in order to avoid any harm to the citizens of Panama City. They were finally released upon order of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln at Washington. They immediately "went South". Brent became the Ordnance Officer for Magruder on the Virginia Peninsula. He then transferred west as Richard Taylor's Ordnance Officer and gained recognition for organizing and leading the capture of the U.S.S. INDIANOLA on the Red River. He was thereupon promoted to Brigadier General and given command of a Louisana cavalry brigade on April 17th, 1864, becoming the only California citizen to become a Confederate General. Though he retained much property in the state, he never returned to California. He became a power in Louisana politics until retiring to his native Maryland. He died at Baltimore in 1905.

Though their history as a unit was brief, the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles made an impact upon the Civil War. It is doubtful that Albert Sidney Johnston could have escaped California if the Rifles had not already been organized, vigorously led, and ready to take him along with them to the Confederacy. His arrival in the Confederacy boosted morale considerably and held portents for great things until his untimely death at Shiloh. It is perhaps ironic that his fame, while to some extent preserving the memory of the Rifles in crossing the desert, has largely submerged the fact of their existence as a unit, relegating them to brief mention as "Johnston's escort". The impact of their journey was more immediate in California. The success of the Rifles in taking off so prominent a person to the Confederacy shocked Union authorities in California. The State Senate directed a report on all California militia units - and when completed later in 1861, Adjutant General Kibbe's report omitted any mention of the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles.
A post, Camp Wright, was established on the Overland Route, first at Warner's and later moved to Oak Grove, to halt groups going east to join the Confederates. Though some individuals and handfull-sized groups did, from time to time, make their way east, no further large parties made it through. Union authorities became even more distrustful of Southern California militia groups and volunteers to the extent that posts in the area were garrisoned by units from northern California. Arms belonging to the State were thereafter much more closely controlled to prevent any others from being diverted to the Confederacy or to the use of Southern sympathizers. The success of the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles had much to do with leading to the failure of later similarly minded groups.
The Los Angeles Mounted Rifles were one of the most unique of all the various companies raised for the Civil War by either side. The facts of their location, their highly diverse ethnic makeup, their incredible journey across the desert at the worst time of the year, their association with so many prominent Confederate generals - all of these would make them stand out. But most unique of all, the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles stand alone as the only Free State militia organization that went Confederate!
 
 
Bibliography
 
Official Records from California State Archives:
From the National Archives and Records Administration:
Articles:
Books:
(Copyright 2003 by the author. Revised with corrections and additional information 2003 by the author for the California State Military Museum website frrom an article of the same title by the author and published 1997 in Confederate Veteran, Vol. 3, 1997.)
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