Imperial Japanese
Army Surrender to the California National Guard's 160th Infantry
Regiment
Cabatuan Airfield,
Barrio Tiring, Cabatuan, Iloilo, Panay Island, Commonwealth of
the Philippines, 2 September 1945
© Ronnie
Miravite Casalmir
Lt. Col. Ryoichi Tozuka, Commander, Imperial Japanese Army's
170th Indepenent Infantry Battalion, signs the surrender instrument
as Col. Raymond G. Stanton,
Commander,
160th Infantry Regiment (Seventh California) looks on. (California
Military Department Historical Collection)
2015 marks the 70th anniversary
of the end of World War II. Events like the signing of the surrender
instrument aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on September
2, 1945 are being commemorated to remind us of the end of years
of suffering and horror on all sides.
In Panay Island, the end
of World War II came with the signing by Lt. Col. Ryoichi Tozuka
of the surrender instrument in Cabatuan Airfield, the same day
as in Tokyo Bay, September 2, 1945.
Lt. Col. Tozuka commanded
the 170th Independent Infantry Battalion, formerly the 37th Independent
Infantry Battalion. The 37th or Tozuka Unit was reorganized in
December 1943 after the Japanese punitive drive in Panay and
became the 170th.
Protocol dictated that
the surrender of a Colonel be received by another Colonel, and
so, Col. Raymond G. Stanton, the commanding officer of the 160th
Infantry Regiment, was designated to receive, even though his
superiors were also present.
Around noontime, all the
Japanese officers were assembled by Lt. Col. Tozuka. They marched
to the "stage" at a corner of Cabatuan Airfield. The
surrender instrument was read by the Japanese-American translator.
Afterwards, Lt. Col. Tozuka
signed as Col. Stanton looked on.
Among the Japanese officers
who attended that day, one stood out from the rest later. His
name was Lt. Toshimi Kumai. After the war, and after his incarceration
in Japan, he came back to Iloilo to atone for what had transpired
during the war. He published his memoir, from which we can glean
his accounts of that fateful day.
"The next day, a
little after noon, all officers were assembled to attend the
surrender ceremony. As we made our way to the setting of the
ritual, we saw US soldiers feverishly checking out the belongings
of Japanese soldiers who descended from trucks. Every one of
them had gotten rid of weapons and they were running around in
confusion amidst the shouting of US soldiers. The elite troops
of Panay already looked quite like POWs."
"The venue for the
surrender ceremony was a corner of the airfield beside the camp,
where hundreds of military vehicles were parked. A battalion
of US troops and a company of intrepid-looking Filipino Army
personnel were standing in rows. I carefully observed the behavior
of the Filipino soldiers against whom we had fought. In following
orders, no movement of theirs looked inferior to that of the
American soldiers, making me think of the hard training they
must have received."
"At the center was
a stage where Colonel Stanton stood. Representing the Japanese
Army, the Tozuka unit commander loudly read out the statement
of surrender of the Japanese Army to the US Forces. As expected
from the look of the setting, the ceremony ended rather simply."
At least 16 Japanese Imperial
Army officers were assembled to attend the surrender signing
ceremony.
Presumably present were
Capt. Kaneyuki Koike (commanding the Kempeitai [Military Police
Corps] unit on Panay Island), 1st. Lieut. Sadayoshi Ishikawa
and 1st. Lieut. Horimoto. Capt. Koike along with Lieuts. Ishikawa
and Kumai composed the "advance surrender party" that
negotiated the manner of surrender a few days earlier, on 28
August 1945, with Sergeant Matsuzaki as interpreter. The NCO
cadet platoon escorting them from Bocari to Daja Maasin was led
by 1st Lieutenant Horimoto, with Private First Class Ueki as
interpreter. The "advance surrender party" met with
American representatives at Maasin plaza, and returned back to
Bocari afterwards. As agreed upon, the Japanese forces then
started to surrender on 1 September 1945, with the formal surrender
signing ceremony by Lt. Col. Tozuka happening the following day
on September 2, 1945 at Cabatuan Airfield.
1Lt Makoto Yoshioka, 2Lt
Fukumori Okuda, 2Lt Mikio Kai, Sgt Maj Takeji Wada, Sgt Shichiro
Inoue, Pfc Akiro Sato, Pfc Heiji Watanabe, Private Second Class
Chikaichi Ota, may also have been present at Cabatuan Airfield
during the surrender signing ceremony. They were from the Japanese
unit in San Jose, Antique, which joined up with Lt. Col. Tozuka
in Bocari, Leon when the Japanese retreated to the mountains.
They were later put on trial for the killing of American prisoners
in March 1945 in San Jose.
About 1,200 Japanese soldiers
from Bocari, Leon surrendered on 1-2 September 1945. They were
then brought to Cabatuan Airfield where they were interned. (Another
500 Japanese soldiers from Mt. Singit, Lambunao surrendered on
3-4 September 1945, and were also brought to and interned at
Cabatuan Airfield.)
On the American side,
the signing ceremony at Cabatuan Airfield was attended by the
U.S. Army and U.S. Navy brass, led by Brigadier General Donald
Myers, commanding the 40th Infantry Division, and Rear Admiral
(the navy's equivalent of major general) Ralph O. Davis, commanding
the 13th Amphibious Group. The Assistant Division Commander of
the 40th Infantry Division was Brig. Gen. Robert O. Shoe.
Also present was Capt.
Bob O. Mathews, the skipper of USS Estes, which was the flagship
of the U.S. Navy's 13th Amphibious Group. The 13th Amphibious
Group was tasked to transport the 40th Division from Iloilo to
Korea for occupation.
The USS Estes arrived
in Iloilo from Leyte on September 1, 1945, with Rear Admiral
Davis and his staff on board. The following day, September 2,
1945, The ship sent a detail ashore to take part in the Japanese
surrender ceremony. Norman Lindenberg was a member of that detail
and had some documents and pictures taken that day. John J. DeBenedetto,
also on USS Estes, had a similar photo collection. [Norman Lindenberg,
John J. DeBenedetto/Thomas DeBenedetto, USS Estes Association]
Col. Raymond G. Stanton
graduated in 1927 from the United States Military Academy (USMA),
also known as West Point. He was a veteran of the Pacific Theater
from New Guinea to the Philippines. His brother, Col. Walter
C. Stanton, belonged to West Point Class 1926. His uncle, Col.
Hubert G. Stanton, to West Point Class 1911. A fourth member
of the family, his nephew Walter C. Stanton Jr., graduated from
West Point in 1950.
It appears from the signing
photo that Col. Stanton was wearing his West Point class ring
while accepting the surrender in Cabatuan.
The American honor guard
standing behind him came from the Intelligence and Reconnaissance
Platoon commanded by then Lieutenant Herman E. Bulling.
One member of the honor
guard was Pfc. Everett L. Farris. He saw action on Leyte and
Mindanao. He wears the Combat Infantry badge, the Asiatic-Pacific
ribbon with one campaign star and a Bronze Arrowhead, the Philippine
liberation and Good Conduct ribbons.
Other members mentioned
were Cpl Harvey H. Miller of Hagerstown Maryland, and Curt Ittner.
In an interview on June
27, 2003, done by Shaun Illingworth and Jared Kosch, with Mrs.
Helen Bulling attending, and published by the Rutgers Oral History
Archives, Herman E. Bulling states that:
"[M]y I&R Platoon was the honor guard for the ceremony
and, of course, the Colonel (Col. Stanton) was great on ceremony.
I mean, he had long tables set up with the staff officers sitting
there, and, in fact, I have, someplace, got pictures of that,
too. That was one of the worst impositions I ever made on my
father. [I] got those pictures, I sent them home and I said,
"Dad, I need forty copies of these," and, at that point,
my father, somehow or other, got forty copies made and sent them
back to me and every member of my platoon had copies of the surrender
ceremonies; Colonel Stanton, accepting the surrender."
Herman E. Bulling further
adds about the Japanese forces:
"I don't know, he wasn't that much of a big shot, but
he was in charge of whoever was up in the hills. They were in
terrible shape. They were physically exhausted. They'd probably
been in the hills for two or three years (actually 6 months)
and they had come down out of the hills only to be put into a
stockade, but they were better off there than they had been up
in the hills, because the farmers had said that there were raids
on their fields, but they couldn't have been getting enough food."
Another officer who was
reportedly involved in accepting the surrender was Lt. Col. James
E. Marr, a battalion commander of the 40th Infantry Division.
The Japanese-American
translator (standing at the end of the table) during the surrender
signing ceremony at Cabatuan Airfield was TSgt. Terno Odow of
the 180th Language Detachment. He had previously drafted four
leaflets, in English and Japanese, 40,000 of which were dropped
on two Philippine islands. The leaflets were directly responsible
for the surrender of 5,000 Japanese troops. He then drew the
assignment of questioning a large portion of about 1,700 Japanese
soldiers who surrendered in Panay.
Sgt. Odow was an intelligence
specialist, interpreter and interrogator. He speaks fluent Japanese,
having spent two years at Keio University, Tokyo, before the
outbreak of the war. He was a veteran of campaigns on Guadalcanal,
New Britain, Luzon, Panay and Negros.
Meanwhile, the Filipino
infantry company present during the surrender signing ceremony
was organized and commanded by Capt. Eliseo D. Rio. Tall men
were selected from among the ranks of the 1st Battalion, 52nd
Infantry Regiment and were given new uniforms and equipment in
time for the ceremony.
Lieut. Kumai had this
to say:
"a company of intrepid-looking Filipino Army personnel
were standing in rows. I carefully observed the behavior of the
Filipino soldiers against whom we had fought. In following orders,
no movement of theirs looked inferior to that of the American
soldiers, making me think of the hard training they must have
received."
Frank Patrick, a projectionist
in the U.S. Army along with his duties as a radio operator, was
one of those who had taken photos
that day of the Japanese surrender signing ceremony. All indications
are that he was on the front row. [Gail Rooks, Walter Geiger;
Features, The Herald Gazette, Barnesville, GA, December
7, 2016]
Lieut. Kumai's book, The Blood and Mud in the Philippines, was based on the original publication
in Japanese, "Firipin no Chi to Doro: Taiheiyosen Saiaku
no Gerirasen" (Tokyo: Jiji Press, 1977). It was translated
by Yukako Ibuki, and edited by Ma. Luisa E. Mabunay and Ricardo
T. Jose.
In his book, Lieut. Kumai
referred to the airfield several times as 'Cabatuan Airfield,'
in addition to describing its location accurately as being in
Cabatuan, Iloilo.
The airfield was called
Cabatuan Airfield by the Japanese Imperial Army after the Municipality
of Cabatuan, Iloilo where it was located; Tiring Landing Field
by the Free Panay and Romblon Government of Governor Thomas Confesor
and the Panay guerillas of Col. Macario Peralta, after Barrio
Tiring, Cabatuan, where it was specifically located; Tiring Airfield
and Tiring Field by the Americans, after Barrio Tiring, Cabatuan;
and erroneously as Santa Barbara Airfield or Santa Barbara Airstrip
by the Americans, erroneous since the airfield was not located
in the neighboring town.
The Japanese forces operated
Cabatuan Airfield the longest, from the time they arrived in
Panay in 1942, until they retreated to the mountains in 1945.